World Most Amazing Information

Recently, the World Wealth Report found that if the list enter fewer billionaires than ever before. While billionaires like Bill Gates and Warren Buffett, the loss of billions of dollars because of the stock market collapse that followed with the financial crisis, their net worth is still very high. but Did you know how they obtain wealth.

After losing $18 billion, Bill Gates still has a net worth of $40 billion. Bill Gates is a self-made millionaire, making money as an entrepreneur. Gates was one of the early pioneers operating system disk and started a software company with some friends, Microsoft. Gates made a deal with IBM for the operating system for $50,000. Because he does not transfer copyright IBM, he can continue doing business from MS-DOS system as the cloning of other hardware vendors systems. Gates has been accused of bad business practices in the past, and recently was involved in the process of anti-trust in the EU, but no one can deny the success of Microsoft. Gates now offers a lot of money and time on philanthropic efforts, through the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

One of the most famous investor in the world. After losing $25 billion, his net worth now about $37 billion. Most of his wealth is self-made, coming from a textile company, Berkshire Hathaway. When Buffett bought Berkshire, he spent several years of transition to the parent company. Then she started to use it to buy another business. Buffett is known for his business sense, investment savvy, and his obsession with checking into their company before making a buying decision. Berkshire owns shares in GEICO, Dairy Queen, See's Candy, Coca-Cola, Wells Fargo and many other famous companies.

Together with his family, Carlos Slim Helu is the richest man in Latin America. He has $35 billion, even after losing $25 billion. Slim is also a self-made billionaire. He has an interesting history. Although he lived in Mexico City, he was the son of an immigrant from Lebanon (the original name of his father Salim). He studied engineering, and make money in the telecommunications industry. He is the leader in a group of investors who bought two phone companies from the Mexican government in 1990. Ownership of various including real estate, technology, oil, gas and even shares in The New York Times Company. Slim's wealth is worth more or less equal to 2% of economic output of the entire country of Mexico.

His wealth is valued $22.5 billion. He was born in the Bronx, Ellison was adopted and raised by his maternal aunt and uncle in Chicago's South Shore. Ellison's adoptive father lost a small fortune in real estate during the Great Depression. Like Bill Gates, Ellison dropped out of school. He is making money from software design. Project database for the CIA, as part of the Ampex Corporation, called Oracle. He founded his own company with only using $2000, and grew into one of the industry leaders.

Ingvar Kamprad is a Swedish businessman, (net worth, $22 billion). Kamprad is the son of Swedish farmers. One of his first jobs was to sell the cards, lighters, pens and fish on a bicycle. Eventually, she began selling furniture. Soon, he opened his own furniture store, Ikea. Abbreviation of first name and last name, the name of the family farm, and the nearest village. Known by the brand furniture at affordable prices and a modern style.

He is the richest man in Germany, with a net worth of $21.5 billion. Her mother has a small shop in Germany. However, after World War II, Albrect, along with his brother Theo, change store to the Aldi. Now known Aldi grocery stores with discount price. Albrecht and his brother share ownership of the store. Albrecht took the rights to the brand to the United States, UK and Australia, and southern Germany.

Mukesh Ambani with his brother, inherited the Reliance conglomerate, one of the most valuable companies in India, after the death of their father. Ambani wealth worth about $19.5 billion, and is the richest person in the country of India.

As an Indian immigrant to England, Mittal is the richest person living in the United Kingdom. Mittal inherited wealth, work in steel-making business family. He founded his own company, Mittal Steel, and has been aggressive in developing its business prospects. After the takeover, the company became ArcelorMittal, and is the largest steel company in the world. Wealth reached $19.3 billion.

Like his brother, Karl, Theo Albrecht including the richest man with a fortune valued $18.8 billion. He has the right brand of discount store Aldi in northern Germany and throughout Europe, except Great Britain.

Net worth valued $18.3 billion. His father was a railway worker, and Ortega worked in a clothes shop in Spain. Then he and his wife began to make their own clothes. They create a chic design. And formed a company called Inditex, until finally there are more than 4,000 stores worldwide. Ortega also has a cheap fashion brand, Zara. Ortega is also growing because of the wealth invested in real estate, tourism, gas and banks.

Just imagine if you become one of them, what would you do with that much wealth ..?

Traditional Japanese weapons are so many we see on television and perhaps we know only the samurai and the rest of their secret weapon, but there are various types of weapons in Japan that is still used and popular Movies and comic japanese like naruto, knight armor black and so forth.

The katana is a type of Japanese sword, also commonly referred to as a "samurai sword", and generally defined as the standard size moderately curved (as opposed to the older "tachi" style featuring more curvature) Japanese sword with a blade length of greater than 60 cm (23.6 inches).

The katana is characterized by its distinctive appearance, a curved, slender, single edged blade, circular or squared guard, and long grip to accommodate two hands. It has historically been associated with the samurai of feudal Japan, and has become renowned for its sharpness and cutting ability.

Katana History
The katana originated in the Muromachi period (1392–1573) as a result of changing battle conditions requiring faster response times. The katana facilitated this by being worn with the blade facing up, which allowed the samurai to draw and cut their enemy in a single motion. Previously, the curved sword of the samurai had been worn with the blade facing down.

The length of the katana's blade varied considerably during the course of its history. In the late 14th and early 15th centuries, katana blades tended to be between 70 and 73 cm (27.6 and 28.7 inches) in length. During the early 16th century, average length was much closer to 60 cm (23.6 inches), but late in the 16th century, it was again approximately 73 cm (28.7 in).

The katana was paired most often with the wakizashi or shōtō, a similarly made but shorter sword, both worn by the members of the warrior class. It could also be worn with the tantō, an even smaller similarly shaped knife. The katana and wakizashi when paired with each other were called the daishō and they represented the social power and personal honor of the samurai.

The wakizashi is a traditional Japanese sword with a shōtō blade between 30 and 60 centimetres (12 and 24 in), with an average of 50 cm (20 in). It is similar to but shorter than a katana, and usually shorter than the kodachi ("small sword"). The wakizashi was usually worn together with the katana by the samurai or swordsmen of feudal Japan. When worn together the pair of swords were called daishō, which translates literally as "large and small". The katana was often called the sword or the long sword and the wakizashi the companion sword.

Wakizashi History
References to wakizashi use date at least back to the sixteenth century. Originally, the term wakizashi was used to mean any sword worn on the side of the main sword. Later, the term was used to denote the group of swords which were shorter than the main sword of the samurai, and as a result, wakizashi acquired the meaning of the side sword, because a side sword was shorter than the main sword by its nature.

The samurai used to wear different types of side swords or daggers; for example, chiisa-gatana or yoroi-doshi, and the term "wakizashi" did not mean any official blade length. The first usage of a wakizashi dates back to the period between 1332 and 1369. For example, Oda Nobunaga (1534–1582) wore a daishō pair of uchigatana: a katana with a wakizashi. This reflects the common practice of wearing a wakizashi as the side sword of a katana.

After the Muromachi period, the rulers of Japan tried to regulate the types of swords and the social groups which were allowed to wear them. This was to enhance the reputation, power and the class of the samurai class, who were the only social class permitted to carry the daishō. In the late Momoyama period the government passed laws which categorized the swords in accordance to their blade length. Nevertheless, there were people who openly disobeyed the laws and carried long wakizashi (ōwakizashi), which had approximately the same length as the katana. This was caused by the confusing definition of katana, wakizashi, and tantō of those times, and some townsmen and members of yakuza gangs carried such swords.

Naginata is a pole weapon that was traditionally used in Japan by members of the samurai class. A naginata consists of a wooden shaft with a curved blade on the end; it is similar to the Chinese Guan Dao or European glaive or Russian sovnya. Usually it also had a sword-like guard (tsuba) between the blade and shaft.

The martial art of wielding the naginata is known as naginatajutsu. Most naginata practice today is in a modernised form, a gendai budō called atarashii Naginata meaning "new Naginata", in which competitions are held. Use of the naginata is also taught within the Bujinkan and in some koryū schools. Naginata practitioners may wear a form of the protective armour known as bōgu similar to that worn by kendō practitioners. Wearing the bogu means using a naginata that is a mix of light oak wood shaft, with a bamboo blade habu for atarashii Naginata.

The naginata has become associated in modern Japan as a woman's weapon as it is studied by women more than men; whereas in Europe and Australia Naginata is practiced predominantly by men - this is however simply a reflection of the martial arts demographics of Europe, where there is no historical association - as there is in Japan - that naginatajutsu is for women.

Naginata History
The term naginata first appeared in the Kojiki in 712 AD and was used by Sohei warrior priests during the Nara Period, around 750 AD. It is most likely based on the Chinese Guan Dao. In the paintings of battlefield scenes made during the Tengyo no Ran in 936 AD, the naginata can be seen in use. It was in 1086, in the book Ōshū Gosannenki ("A Diary of Three Years in Ōshū") that the use of the naginata in combat is first recorded. In this period the naginata was regarded as an extremely effective weapon by warriors.

During the Edo Period, as the naginata became less useful for men on the battlefield, it became a symbol of the social status of women of the samurai class. A functional naginata was often a traditional part of a samurai daughter's dowry. Although they did not typically fight as normal soldiers, women of the samurai class were expected to be capable of defending their homes while their husbands were away at war. The naginata was considered one of the weapons most suitable for women, since it allows a woman to keep opponents at a distance, where any advantages in height, weight, and upper body strength would be lessened.

By the 17th century the rise in popularity of firearms caused a great decrease in the appearance of the naginata on the battlefield. However, the naginata saw its final uses in combat in 1868, at Aizu, and in 1876, in Satsuma. In both cases it was used by fighting women.

The kama is a traditional Okinawan and Japanese farming implement similar to a sickle used for reaping crops and also employed as a weapon. It is considered one of the hardest of Okinawan weapons to learn due to the inherent danger of training with a sharp sickle. The kama is often included in weapon training segments of karate, silat and more obscurely in some Chinese martial arts.

Kama History
Before being improvised as a weapon, the kama was widely used throughout Asia to cut crops, mostly rice. It is found in many shapes and forms in Southeast Asia and is particularly common in martial arts from Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. It is also used in Chinese martial arts but not often. From one or both of these areas, the kama was brought to Okinawa and incorporated into the martial art of te (hand) and later karate (empty hand).

The kusarigama is a traditional Japanese weapon that consists of kama (the Japanese equivalent of a sickle) on a metal chain (manriki) with a heavy iron weight at the end.

Though the kusarigama is derived from a farmer's scythe, and though the sickle was often carried as a weapon during the feudal era of Japan, these farmers did not carry kusarigama. Its purpose as a weapon was very obvious, so unlike a sickle, it could not be carried openly. The art of handling the kusarigama is called kusarigamajutsu.

The sai is a traditional Okinawan weapon. The basic form of the weapon is that of a pointed, dagger-shaped truncheon, with two curved prongs called yoku projecting from the handle. The ball of the handle is called the knuckle. Multiple sai are called zai.

There are many other variations on the sai with varying prongs for trapping and blocking. The monouchi or shaft of traditional sai are round, while some reproductions have adapted an octagonal central shaft. The yoku are usually symmetrical but the manji design developed by Taira Shinken employs oppositely-facing yoku in an approximation to the manji (the Japanese term for the Buddhist symbol, the swastika) from which it takes its name.

Sai History
According to Okinawan folklore, the sai began as an agricultural tool used to measure stalks, plow fields, plant rice, or to hold cart wheels in place. It may have also been an evolution from a pitchfork but evidence for this theory is limited. Before its arrival on Okinawa, the sai was already being used in several other Asian countries including India, Thailand, China, Vietnam and Malaysia.

Outside Okinawa, the sai is generally believed to have been designed as a weapon. Early evidence suggests Indonesia as the weapon's point of origin where it is said to have been developed from the trisula. The word trisula itself can refer to both a long or short-handled trident. Because the trisula was created in South Asia, another theory is that the sai originated in India and spread along with Hinduism and Buddhism. This is supported by the fact that the trisula is important as a Hindu-Buddhist symbol.

The sai eventually reached Japan in the form of the jitte or jutte, which has only a single prong. Both are truncheon-like weapons, used for striking and bludgeoning.

A shuriken is a traditional Japanese concealed weapon that was generally used for throwing, and sometimes stabbing or slashing. They are sharpened hand-held blades made from a variety of everyday items such as needles, nails, and knives, as well as coins, washers, and other flat plates of metal.

Shuriken are commonly known in the West as "fighting stars", though they took many different shapes and designs during the time they were used. The major varieties of shuriken are the bō shuriken (stick shuriken) and the hira shuriken (flat shuriken) or shaken (Car sword, also read as kurumaken, wheel shuriken).

Shuriken were mainly a supplemental weapon to the more commonly used katana (sword) or yari (spear) in a warrior's arsenal, though they often played a pivotal tactical role in battle. The art of wielding the shuriken is known as shurikenjutsu, and was mainly taught as a minor part of the martial arts curriculum of many famous schools, such as Yagyū Shinkage-ryū, Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū, Ittō-ryū, Kukishin-ryū and Togakure-ryū.

A kunai is a Japanese tool possibly derived from the masonry trowel. Two variations are the short kunai and the big kunai. It is a good example of a very basic tool which, in the hands of a martial arts expert, could be used as a multi-functional weapon. It is commonly associated with the ninja, who used it to gouge holes in walls.

Lake Baikal, is the world's oldest and deepest lake; it is the second most voluminous lake, after the Caspian Sea; and it is the most voluminous freshwater lake in the world, with an average depth of 744.4 m (2,442 ft). Lake Baikal contains a total of roughly 20% of the world's surface fresh water. Located in the south of the Russian region of Siberia (between Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Buryat Republic to the southeast, near the city of Irkutsk), the body of water is also known as the "Pearl of Siberia".

At 1,642 metres (5,387 ft) (Baikal central part 53°14′59″N 108°05′11″E / 53.24972°N 108.08639°E / 53.24972; 108.08639), Lake Baikal is the deepest, and among the clearest of all lakes in the world. At more than 25 million years old, Baikal is also the world's oldest lake. Like Lake Tanganyika, Lake Baikal was formed as an ancient rift valley, having the typical long crescent shape with a surface area of 31,722 km2/12,248 sq mi, less than that of Lake Superior or Lake Victoria. Baikal is home to more than 1,700 species of plants and animals, two thirds of which can be found nowhere else in the world and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996. It is also home to Buryat tribes who reside on the eastern side of Lake Baikal, rearing goats, camels, cattle and sheep, where the regional temperature varies from a minimum of −19 °C (−2.2 °F) in winter to maximum of 14 °C (57 °F) in summer.

Lake Tanganyika is the second largest freshwater lake and second deepest after Lake Baikal in Siberia, is also the world's longest lake. The lake is located between four countries - Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Tanzania and Zambia, the DRC (45%) and Tanzania (41%). Lake Tanganyika is the deepest freshwater lake in Africa and the second in the world with a maximum depth of 1470 meters (4823 ft).

The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. The sea has a surface area of 371,000 km2 (143,200 sq mi) (Not including Garabogazköl Aylagy) and a volume of 78,200 km3 (18,800 cu mi). It is in an endorheic basin (it has no outflows) and is bounded by northern Iran, southern Russia, western Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, and eastern Azerbaijan.

The ancient inhabitants of its littoral perceived the Caspian as an ocean, probably because of its saltiness and seeming boundlessness. It has a salinity of approximately 1.2%, about a third the salinity of most seawater. Caspian is called Qazvin on ancient maps.

Lake Vostok is the largest of more than 140 subglacial lakes found under the surface of Antarctica. It is located beneath Russia's Vostok Station, 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) under the surface of the central Antarctic ice sheet. It is 250 kilometres (160 mi) long by 50 kilometres (31 mi) wide at its widest point, thus similar in size to Lake Ontario, and is divided into two deep basins by a ridge.

The water over the ridge is about 200 metres (660 ft), compared to roughly 400 metres (1,300 ft) deep in the northern basin and 800 metres (2,600 ft) deep in the southern. Lake Vostok covers an area of 15,690 square kilometres (6,060 sq mi). It has an estimated volume of 5,400 cubic kilometres (1,300 cu mi) and consists of fresh water. The average depth is 344 metres (1,129 ft). In May 2005 an island was found in the center of the lake.

The lake known as O'Higgins in Chile and San Martín in Argentina, is located around coordinates 48°50′S 72°36′W / 48.833°S 72.6°W / -48.833; -72.6 in the Patagonia, between the Aysén Region and the Santa Cruz Province. Its surface is of 1,058 km² at 250 metres above mean sea level, and has a shoreline length of 525 km. The lake is the deepest in the Americas with a maximum depth of 836 metres near O'Higgins Glacier, and its characteristic milky light-blue color comes from rock flour suspended in its waters. It's mainly fed by the Mayer River and other streams, and its outlet Pascua River discharges water from the lake towards the Pacific Ocean at a rate of 510 m³/s.

The Southern Patagonian Ice Sheet extend from the lake for 330 kilometres to the Viedma Lake and Argentino Lake. The O'Higgins Glacier flows eastwards towards the lake, as does the Chico Glacier. The most common tourist path visiting the lake is that between El Chaltén in Argentina and Villa O'Higgins in Chile, including a ferry through the lake on the Chilean side.

Lake Malawi, is an African Great Lake and the southmost lake in the Great Rift Valley system of East Africa. This lake, the third largest in Africa, is located between Malawi, Mozambique, and Tanzania. It is the second deepest lake in Africa, though its placid northern shore gives no hint of its depth. This great lake's tropical waters reportedly are the habitat of more species of fish than that of any other body of water on the Earth.

Lake Malawi or Lake Nyaza is between 560 and 580 kilometres long, and about 75 kilometres wide at its widest point. The total surface area of this lake is about 29,600 square kilometres (11,429 square miles). This lake has shorelines on western Mozambique, eastern Malawi, and southern Tanzania. The largest river flowing into this lake is the Ruhuhu River. This large freshwater lake has an outlet, which is the Shire River, a tributary that flows into the very large Zambezi River.

Lake Malawi lies in the Great Rift Valley that was formed by the opening of the East African Rift, where the African tectonic plate is being split into two pieces. This is called a divergent plate tectonics boundary. Lake Malawi or Nyaza itself is variously estimated at about 40,000 years old or about one to two million years.

Issyk Kul is an endorheic lake in the northern Tian Shan mountains in eastern Kyrgyzstan. It is the tenth largest lake in the world by volume and the second largest saline lake after the Caspian Sea. Although it is surrounded by snow-capped peaks, it never freezes hence its name, which means "hot lake" in the Kyrgyz language. The lake is a Ramsar site of globally significant biodiversity (Ramsar Site RDB Code 2KG001) and forms part of the Issyk-Kul Biosphere Reserve. It is also the site of an ancient metropolis 2500 years ago, and archaeological excavations are ongoing.

Lake Issyk Kul has a length of 182 kilometers (113 mi), a width of up to 60 kilometers (37 mi), and covers an area of 6,236 square kilometers (2,407.7 sq mi). This makes it the second largest mountain lake in the world behind Lake Titicaca in South America. Located at an altitude of 1,607 meters (5,272 ft), it reaches 668 meters (2,192 ft) in depth.

Crater Lake is a caldera lake located in the south-central region of the U.S. state of Oregon. It is the main feature of Crater Lake National Park and famous for its deep blue color and water clarity. The lake partly fills a nearly 2,148 foot (655 m) deep caldera that was formed around 7,700 (± 150) years ago by the collapse of the volcano Mount Mazama.

On June 12, 1853, John Wesley Hillman was reportedly the first European American to see what he named "Deep Blue Lake" in Oregon. The lake was renamed at least three times, as Blue Lake, Lake Majesty, and finally Crater Lake.

Crater Lake is known for the "Old Man of the Lake", a full-sized tree which is now a stump that has been bobbing vertically in the lake for more than a century. Due to the cold water, the tree has been rather well preserved.

While having no indigenous fish population, the lake was stocked from 1888 to 1941 with a variety of fish. Several species have formed self sustaining populations.

The lake is 5 by 6 miles (8 by 10 km) across with an average depth of 1,148 feet (350 m). Its maximum depth has been measured at 1,949 feet (594 m), which fluctuates slightly as the weather changes. This makes Crater Lake the deepest lake in the United States, the second deepest lake in North America.

Great Slave Lake is the second-largest lake in the Northwest Territories of Canada (behind Great Bear Lake), the deepest lake in North America at 614 m (2,014 ft), and the ninth-largest lake in the world. It is 480 km (300 mi) long and 19 to 109 km (12 to 68 mi) wide. It covers an area of 27,200 km2 (10,502 sq mi) in the southern part of the territory. Its volume is 2,090 km3 (500 cu mi). The lake shares its name with the Slavey North American Indians. Towns around the lake include: Yellowknife, Fort Providence, Hay River and Fort Resolution. The only community in the East Arm is Lutselk'e, a hamlet of about 350 people, largely Chipewyan aboriginals of the Dene Nation.

First Nations peoples were the first settlers around the lake, building communities including Dettah, which still exists today. British fur trader Samuel Hearne explored the area in 1771 and crossed the frozen lake, which he initially named Lake Athapuscow (after an erroneous French speaker's pronunciation of Athabaska).

In the 1930s, gold was discovered there, which led to the establishment of Yellowknife, which would become the capital of the NWT. In 1967, an all-season highway was built around the lake, originally an extension of the Mackenzie Highway but now known as Yellowknife Highway or Highway 3.

Matano Lake is a lake in South Sulawesi, precisely located at the southern tip of Sulawesi island in the town of Sorowako. This lake has a depth as far as 600 meters, 382 meters of them above sea level. Lake Matano is not a formation of some tributaries, but are formed from thousands of springs so that it never experienced drought and the water was very clear.

Lake Matano is home to many species of endemic fish and other animals as well as many plants. The endemic fishes of Matano have been compared to that of the species swarms of the Rift Valley Lakes of Africa. While not as diverse, they are thought to have all arisen from a single ancestor species and diversified into numerous different species, which now fill many of the previously vacant ecological niches.

According to one history anatomist, Rudolf I have "such a big nose, so that no artist could describe it with an appropriate size and actual" Therefore, we can photograph the statues.

His nose was so badly to stick in his face, until one historian says that, "his forehead almost even more advanced than his nose." In his youth, Michelangelo seductive painter Pietro Pietro Torrigiano at the time was studying art in one of the church.

His name was listed as "Nosey" Parker, who like sniffing about the lives of others. Parker was the Bishop in Canterbury at the time of Queen Elizabeth I reigned. Although she seemed shy and modest, he was very ribeut when dealing with the problems of the church, and his enemies called him "Nosey" Parker.

At the time he was fighting with a sword, the tip of his nose cut off, and he replaced it with gold.

He people who really live, not just a fictional character in the play or the theater world. It is reported he has been through more Dair 1000 duel just because someone insulted his nose extraordinary size.

He has the longest nose in history has ever known. Length up to 7.5 inches (12 cm). He has taken part in performances around the UK, and he was known to have mental retardation. This photo is a wax figure made in remembrance.

Dubbed "The Bohemian", the opera's famous homemade include Armida and Il Bellerofonte, and also famous for has no nose. In 1777, he suffered from the disease and come to a cheap doctor who said that the only way to get rid of the disease is to throw it away. So he did.

In the Wild West, he became known as "Big Nose" Kate, Kate "Big Nose." His nose is big, round varieties. He runs a whorehouse with a bad reputation in Dodge City, Kansas.

He uses the size of "stuff" it is amazing to be a concern in all good show business on stage, screen and television. Are real people who are able to use its excess.

The only thing I found his picture did not work. By the way, organoleptic then what? Organoleptic is a way to identify the goods of the smell, so the nose is a source of income, much like Jimmy Durante. Albert worked for the FDA and has 30 years in position, even he has 12 students who studied under, to identify the goods rot.

Luxury is something expensive or hard to obtain. But is anything expensive for Middle East? Well this post features a collection of gold plated cars owned by the Arabs.

This spectacular looking creature is not an alien lifeform, but one of 3,000 varieties of sea slugs that live on ocean floors around the world. They are among the most visually stunning animals that you could ever hope to see, and while the name sea slug is somewhat yucky, the alternative, nudibranch, sounds rather sophisticated. These amazing mobile works of art can really make you gasp - they look that good!

The word "nudibranch" comes from the Latin nudus, naked, and the Greek brankhia, hence 'naked gills'. The name comes from the flower-like gills found on the back of many types. They use the gills to breathe. Nudibranches are soft-bodied molluscs and are related to snails and slugs, so are commonly called sea slugs. They do not have shells.

Their means of defence are camouflage, toxic secretions and stinging cells. The rainbow of bright colours that many wear is a warning to predators.

They have very small eyes that only sense light and dark so they are basically blind. However that is not a problem because of their horn-like protrusions called rhinophores. They use them to taste, smell and feel the ocean around them. They detect chemicals that tell the sea-slug everything it needs to know, like where food is and where other nudibranchs are.

They are carnivores and many are able to eat what other sea creatures can't. Sea creatures that contain stinging toxins, like the anemone or soft corals, are eaten by the sea-slugs which then convert or use the toxins for their own defences.

Some varieties contain a type of algae in their transparent bodies, which, when exposed to sunlight, produce nutrients which they use for energy! They come in an incredible variety of colours and patterns. Blue with yellow dots, green and black, red and purple, white with yellow accents, the list goes on and on. Suffice it to say that if you can imagine it, there's probably a nudibranch to fit the bill.

Many secrete chemicals when they are threatened. The chemicals may either make them very distasteful or even toxic. That's why they are not good for the aquarium! The chemicals they release may cause other animals to be very stressed, or even die! Some are also able to store the stinging cells of the hydroids or other cnidarians they feed on in their cerata. Many are brightly coloured to warn the predators not to eat them, and also to match their surrounding, which allow them to camouflage themselves from the predators.

Nudibranchs are simultaneous hermaphrodites, meaning each slug has both male and female reproductive organs at the same time. They practice internal fertilisation, and do it side-by-side, facing opposite directions. Sometimes, one will act as the male partner and the other as the female. At other times, they may fertilise each other. After mating, they go their separate ways and each lays its egg mass. They usually die after laying their eggs.

In some cases, the eggs are laid on or near a food source and the young hatch fully developed and commence feeding. In other cases, the young hatch and are carried away in the current. They eventually settle onto a food source and continue developing into adults. The juveniles usually have shells, but lose them as adults. There is no doubt whatever that these incredible creatures are a living rainbow of such beauty that the sight of them makes you smile. Some things in nature are almost beyond belief in their glorious appearance, and sea-slugs certainly rate amongst those.

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